what is animalia

 

 (from the Latin animalis, which means "animated, living, animal") are hétérotrophic beings that live on organic material and have collagen in their extracellular matrix, according to conventional taxonomy. Even though protozoa were once thought to be single-celled animals, the name "animal" is now reserved for complex and multicellular beings. Every animal, like all other living things, has relatives with whom it shares a homogeneous group known as an espèce. 

Animalia (création originale de Linné en 1758, eu égard à Code international de nomenclature zoologique (CINZ)) ou même Metazoa (synonyme junior créé par Haeckel en 1874) sont the names given to the taxon of animals in contemporary scientific classifications. Regardless of the word used or the classification used (evolutionist or cladist), animals are often described as eucaryotes pluricellulaires that are generally mobile and hétérotrophic.

In common parlance, the terms "animal" or "bête" are frequently used to distinguish the rest of the animal world from humans. The common language differs from biology in that the term "animal" frequently refers to a specific size, which excludes insects, among other things. Finally, it might be used in contrast to the term "vegetable," which refers to plants, algae, and mushrooms.

The study of the animal kingdom is known as zoology.

Zoologie

Physiologie commune

 The scientist Paul Bert's (1833-1886) "Animal Theory" was proposed in the nineteenth century as a fictitious and educational model presenting the systems associated with the animal organism: D: digestif, R: respiratoire, E: excreteur, C: circulatoire, N: nerveux.

The flèches denote the flow of nutrients, oxygen, excrements, and/or excreta. 

All animals require water, oxygen (as a comburant), and organic materials derived from other organisms (nourriture). They are classified as chimio-organotrophs. This food has three purposes: it provides substances necessary for the formation of new cells, it produces substances necessary for the formation of molécules and organ structures (oils, fats, larmes, odors, and so on), and it provides energy.

 

Water, like all living organisms, is the element through which animals have the most difficulty moving. Aside from the fact that cells are mostly composed of water, water is required for the majority of biochemical reactions in which it serves as a solvent. She also aids in the removal of azote wastes produced by the metabolism of proteins, which must be eliminated. Animals, like other species, even non-aquatic species, face osmorégulation problems. The requirement for water necessitates the existence of an osmotic regulation system.

 

The animals must obtain their food by collecting or capturing it (perhaps by moving) and, using a digestive system, separating the organisms into the components that they require before assimilation. The acquisition of dioxygen is necessary for oxydating carbon hydrates in order to produce chemical energy, and it is thus a priority for the majority of animals. The majority of species have a respiratory system that allows them to absorb dioxygen. Dioxygen, water, and other compounds are transported to cells, while waste products (excretion) are removed by various circulatory systems.

The problems posed by various environments necessitate specific adaptations. As a result, acquiring dioxygen is less difficult for a terrestrial creature than acquiring water. In an aquatic environment, the opposite is true. The majority of animals use sense organs to get these life-sustaining chemicals. They also use their senses to avoid their predators. To assimilate the necessary nutrients, which it then passes on to other living organisms, the animal frequently requires a digestive system and hence an excretory system.

The reproductive functions are also crucial in animals that are mostly sexuated, although certain species, like as the hydre, can reproduce in an unexplained manner (par bourgeonnement dans ce cas). The reproductive apparatus is critical to the species' survival; without it, the species would perish after a set period of time.

Animals also have a wide range of movement and sensory systems. They also have several systems for fluid circulation throughout the body and cell coordination.

The ability to age does not appear to be one of the fundamental characteristics of eponges, as certain species do not age.

Internal Organizational Classification

The internal organization of animals can vary greatly, from the colonies of somewhat amorphous cells that comprise the epithelia to the sophisticated organizations of insects or vertebrates. Animals are multicellular eucaryotes (with the exception of Myxozoa), which distinguishes them from Bacteria and Protista, and are devoid of chloroplasts (hétérotrophes), which distinguishes them from plants and animals. They are also distinguished from Mycota. They are the only living organisms that go through a blastocyst stage of development.

Animals (or metazoaires) are one of the types of eucaryotes that develop on a multicellular basis, such as plants, certain mushrooms, and brown algae, as opposed to unicellulaires, which include levures, other mushrooms, protozoa, and living organisms within the Prokaryota, which includes Eubacteria and Archaea.
Three groups or levels are distinguished based on their internal organizational complexity.

 

_Animals have cellulosic organization, that is, these organisms are made up of a variety of distinct and specialized cells, such as somatic and reproductive cells. While this is the typical level of certain colonial protozoaires, some scientists classify epizootes in this category.

_Organisms with a cellular organization, often known as diploblastic organisms, are formed from a set of cellulaires with a specific function. There may be a matrix between these feuillets that is not a true cellulosic tissue and does not contain any differentiated organs. Some people include éponges in this category, but meduses are a better example.

_Finally, the organizations to organes-systems that make up the majority of the branches are distinguished. They have one or more circulatory systems for various bodily fluids, a dedicated respiratory system, a digestive system, a neuronal network that allows perception, and so on. The annélides and

Formes élémentaires

Éponge (colonie cellulaire)

Unlike plant cells, animal cells are hétérotrophic, which means they must consume in order to exist. The method in which animals are fed is typically a negative trait. The eponges' strategy is to filter the water that flows through them in order to collect proies and particulates.

Ponges (Porifera) are commonly described as having a basic organization: they are colonies of almost similar cells with no visible internal distinctions. These are creatures that lack both a nervous system and a digestive tract. Their bodies are only two layers of cells thick (ectoderme and endoderme). 

Polype : hydres, corail et méduse

This alternate feeding approach enables for the feeding of bigger proies (which the éponges cannot filter). In contrast to epigenetics, this organizational scheme assumes two things: cells specialize (with the acquisition of nerve and muscle cells allowing coordinated movements) and the organism gains the ability to take a defined shape (morphogénèse), allowing effective tentacules to push their proie into the gastric cavity.

Ver (mobilité et tube digestif)

 The type ver organization is a distinct sort of organizational plan. The primary strategy of creatures of the type "ver" (vermiforme) is to move rather than wait for food to come to them. For example, this technique allows for the utilization of organic waste, which may have significant nutritional value but cannot be transferred.

All complex creatures are bilatériens, drawing from a basic symbiotic symbiotic symbiotic symbiotic symbiotic symbiotic symbiotic symbiotic symbiotic symbiotic symbiotic symbiotic symbiotic symbiotic symbiotic symbiotic On one side, the development is arranged around a head / queue axis, while on the other, it is organized around a dos / ventre axis. These two axes result in an overall pattern with symetrical right and left sides, thus the name bilatérien.

Fundamentally, the nerve cells of the cnidaires arrange themselves into a cohesive neural system, which in some creatures may give the animal's head a brain. The vers also contains a critical intermediary tissue that lies between the exterior tissues that comprise the skin (ectoderme) and the interior tissues that comprise the digestive system (endoderme): the mesoderme, which may create complex internal organs. We're discussing triploblastic creatures.

The presence of an alimentary canal (at one end of which a mouth takes food and an anus excretes waste) is a second distinguishing trait of the vers (which is absent in the plats).

The digestive tube appears to have formed twice from the original stomach cavity. The alimentary canal's two orifices emerge from the blastopore in protostomians, where the lèvres converge to form a canal through longitudinal suture. In deuterostomians, the blastopore opening becomes the anus, with the alimentary canal produced by an inferior percement that migrates to the mouth.

Explosion radiative des vermiformes

 The emergence of the digestive tube (with two orifices, a mouth, and an anus) and the capacity to move (in rampant) was a key evolutionary achievement among bilatériens: vermiform creatures are extremely polyvalent and may support a broad range of life patterns. This is referred to as a radiative explosion: the forms diverge from a shared base scheme by taking distinct routes.

The vermiform level of organization is comprised of the following major groups:

Vers plats, particularly planaires, have a very basic organization; vers ronds or non segmented vers; segmented vers are representations of the segmented organizational form (annélides).

This form may also be seen in arthropodes (especially asticots), echinodermes (seacombers), and even mollusks (solenogastres).

The morphology of all bilatériens is not vermiform. Tuniciers, for example, resemble eponges or corals more than vertebrates (they are stationary and filtering creatures), which is common in species that revert to a vegetative lifestyle.

Finally, as a result of numerous pathways, each of which may leave traces, this organizational structure grows more sophisticated, as follows:

Arthropods are creatures that live within an exosquelette, unlike mollusks, which build a strong exoskeleton with a coquille.
The Vertébrés, on the other hand, cluster around an interior squelette.

Différentes formes

Mollusques

 Mollusks arise as a result of a type of vernacular organization. The coquille is an important evolutionary adaptation in mollusks that helps them to protect themselves from predators by developing calcium plaques that shield the dos. As a result, the earliest mollusks must exhibit specific traits associated with polyplacophores (a type of marine escargot that can roll about in a ball like a cloporte).

Mollusks are divided into three primary groups:

gastéropodes (escargots, limaces, nudibranches, and so on); bivalves (moule, huîtres, and so on); céphalopodes (poulpes, calmars, seiches, etc.).

Arthropodes

 

 Many important evolutionary alterations have been imposed on the basic verse formula by the arthropodes:

Many other organisms share the segmentation process, which consists of lengthening the body by repeating segments of the same anatomie; the production of locomotory pattes. Tentacules operate as pattes in certain orientations, and the epidermis is changed into a stiff squelette, the exosquelette.

This structure is similar to mille-pattes in overall form. She was instantly the cause of a fresh radiative explosion, causing particular pairings of pattes en mâchoires, antennes, and specialized pattes on some areas of the body to change or lose pattes on other sections of the body.

The arthropod embranchement has by far the most species and individuals of any animal kingdom. There are now over a million and a half arthropodes species. The number of pattes, the way the body is split into separate segments, and the form of these pattes all appear to have had a role in the foetus's diversification.

fishes

 The capacity to move across water was the major characteristic that originally distinguished this group.

This capacity, however, resulted in the first vertebrate radiation: the fish swiftly invaded the three-dimensional space generated by ocean water, evolving into a huge variety of species with diverse ecologies and morphologies, including the hippocampe, moonfish, and baleen requin.

Several changes will characterize the fish's evolution: the gradual emergence of the head and jaws, and eventually, the conquering of the aerial environment with the appearance of pattes, which will continue their radiative explosion, providing the sauriens

Tetrapods 

 

 After attaining the capacity to travel on solid ground, the four-legged tétrapodes unleashed a radiative explosion. Several species groupings, such as cétacés and serpents, however, only leave signs of their forebears as they evolve.

The tétrapodes bring together animals of all sizes, from micro-mammifères to the biggest animal ever known, yet they account for just a small percentage of both live species (more than 2% of all species) and biomass. Regardless, they are one of the most well-known species of man, of which he is a member. Although humans have been striving to classify diverse species into homogenous groupings since Aristotle, it was not until the end of the nineteenth century that they were able to comprehend the phylogénie of this group. This group presently includes amphibians, Sauropsida (which includes reptiles and birds), and reptiles.

Amphibiens are tetrapodes characterised by the absence of skin. Some of them spend their adult lives alternating between aquatic and terrestrial stages.
Reptiles: The presence of soudée écailles distinguishes these tetrapodes.
Oiseaux: The presence of plumes distinguishes these tetrapodes.
Mammifères: The most recent mammiferous eruption corresponded with the dinosaurs' end.

Mammifères are generally distinguished by their hair-covered or partially hair-covered skin. The fact that the females allait their young is the species' greatest unique trait.